Employment Law and Labor Relations Issues Essay

Equal opportunity is a descriptive term for an approach intended to give equal access to an environment or benefits, such as education, employment, health care, or social welfare to all, often with emphasis on members of various social groups which might have at some time suffered from discrimination. This can involve the hiring of workers and other such practices. Social groupings generally emphasized in such a way are those delineated by aspects of gender, race, or religion. In my workplace the Equal Employment Opportunity Policy is posted on almost every wall in the building. There are several issues that need to be addressed in my workplace. I work for a not-for-profit agency contracted with the Florida Department of Children and Families. We are an agency that tries to help families reunite once they have entered into the Family Law system. My job as a social worker is to promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of clients. â€Å"Clients† is used inclusively to refer to individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers are sensitive to cultural and ethnic diversity and strive to end discrimination, oppression, poverty, and other forms of social injustice. These activities may be in the form of direct practice, community organizing, supervision, consultation, administration, advocacy, social and political action, policy development and implementation, education, and research and evaluation. Social workers seek to enhance the capacity of people to address their own needs. Social workers also seek to promote the responsiveness of organizations, communities, and other social institutions to individuals’ needs and social problems. The main issue that needs to be addressed within my company is some issues pertaining to the Fair Labor Standards Act, holiday pay, and having an Human Resources Representative at our local site. I believe that my organization needs to take the time to explain to its employees what their rights are and what the laws of the state require. The Human Resource department for our agency is run out of Bethesda, Maryland. So every issue and or concern has to go through them. Because of the distance, it is very hard and time consuming for local employees at this agency to get things done in a timely manner, so a lot of things that should be addressed at employee orientation are not addressed until maybe the third month of employment when the HR administrator decides to take a trip to Florida. There are a lot of questions that we as employees have about holiday pay practices and what are the legal requirements. For example, I did not know that an employer is obligated to provide reasonable accommodation for the religious practices of its employees, unless it can show that the accommodation would result in undue hardship for its business. Many employers offer a â€Å"floating holiday† in addition to the regularly scheduled holidays. This allows an employee to take time off for religious observances that are not covered by the employer’s established holiday schedule. Courts addressing the issue of religious accommodation generally agree that unpaid time off can be a reasonable accommodation, as can allowing an employee to use a vacation day to observe a religious holiday. Generally, employers require that floating holidays be taken in the same year they are granted and do not allow these days to be carried over into the next year. Employees usually are required to give adequate advance notice of their intention to take a floating holiday. I also did not know that an employer doe s not have to pay hourly employees for time off on a holiday. An employer is only required to pay hourly employees for time actually worked. On the other hand, exempt employees (salaried employees who do not receive overtime), who are given the day off, must be paid their full weekly salary if they work any hours during the week in which the holiday falls. This requirement for exempt employees did not change under the new federal overtime regulations. Both of these statements can be very helpful when our employees what to take some time off or just to check to make sure they are treated fairly. There are a handful of labor laws that do generally protect U.S. workers. It’s probably fair to say that most employers adhere to these basic laws, because they’d be foolish not to if they want to stay out of court. But, that’s typically at the HR and legal-department levels, where the employees are properly trained in such matters. Companies are also made up of other employees, who might never have heard of labor laws or fully understand their significance. That’s one way problems occur, especially if HR and legal departments don’t bother to properly train those in control, like jerky bosses. Another way problems occur is that, for obvious legal reasons, HR and legal departments are unlikely to openly admit that employee complaints and accusations have merit, and the company is  liable. Worse, they might even protect the perpetrators more than the victims. In conclusion, it is very important that companies keep their policies up-to-date and follow them. Written policies tell your employees how they can expect to be treated and give you guidelines for applying the policies consistently. However, the policies must comply with legal requirements and you must follow them, or they may be used against you as evidence of violations of the law. Having these problems addressed in my organization could help it many ways, starting with establishing a good relationship between upper management and current employees and also establishing a steady line of communication. But this issue cannot be addressed until a local Human Resources department is establish at every local office so if employees do have question about employment law or current labor relation issues they can be addressed right then and there.

Overview of eZediaMX Essay

The main objective of eZediaMX is to allow both Windows and Micorsoft users to author, edit and publish multimedia content with a UI that caters without discrimination to general and expert users. The development of the program is considered as another indication of the market’s demand of ease in migrating and publishing between platforms. The UI of eZediaMX tries to create a common ground for both Windows and Mac users by combining functions and commands and at the same time functioning as an independent interface between the two operating systems. The setup of the buttons and layout of the workspace borrows elements arbitrarily and at the same time, there is use of elements or functions unique to the eZediaMX either as means or resolving conflicts between sytems or to establish features unique to the program. Mersereau (2002) points out that eZediaMX do not require any significant technology literacy and is very flexible. However, Hanno (2003) implies that there should the need for familiarity in media production and interface distinctions between platforms available. Figure modeling for example can be done through time sequence or the use coding and macros. According to the company’s website, the objective is not to position eZediaMX as a substitute programs for franchise media programs but allow users the opportunity publish arbitrarily between operating systems. Thus, the focus is on the media produced rather than the process (eZedia, 2007). In the review done by Roy (2003), there may still be conflicts regarding language both of the media produced and the program itself because of macro and security issues, there has not been any significant issues raised by users.

James Town

During 1607-1611 of Early Jamestown, Why Were So Many Colonists Dead? King James I sent 110 people over for a new start of life. The Englishmen arrived to Jamestown believing that they would find gold and a new way of freedom with government and religion. Most of the colonist died during the early years of 1607-1611. No skills for the New World later made the colonist have a hostile relationship with the Native Americans and the environment that they weren’t immune for lead to their deaths. Many colonists died because they had no skills to survive in a new place.According to the â€Å"First and Second Jamestown Ship List† in Document C, 47 of the 110 colonist were Gentlemen in May 1607. These Gentlemen came to Jamestown with the belief that they would find wealth. The Gentlemen, including other colonists, didn’t know how to farm or hunt. They traded with the Powhatan Confederacy for food but that got old, and the Indians later put a stop to the trade for the Engl ishmen to â€Å"Starving Time† in 1609. Also, there was only 1 doctor. Therefore, if someone got sick they would have a way bigger chance of dying than seeing that 1 doctor.The evidences helped explain why so many colonists died because the inexperience of the colonist led to them not being able to support themselves. The Native Americans were antagonistic to the colonists. â€Å"The Virginia Adventures† in document D says, â€Å"Though West was able to load his (small ship) with grain, the success involved some harsh and Crewell dealinge by cutting towe of the Salvages heads and other extremetyes. † Instead of the colonist finding and growing their own food they killed 2 Indians. This was probably one reason why the Indians would attack the colonists.On document E, â€Å"Chronology of English Mortality in Virginia, 1607-1610† there was a first ever Indian attack at Fort James and 2 people died. If the colonists and the Indians had a different start of re lationship, there wouldn’t be that many people dead. The Englishmen could’ve learned skills from the tribes. The Englishmen and the Indians would perhaps have a different relationship. The environment had a big effect on the death of many colonists in early Jamestown. In â€Å"The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts† in document B it shows that there was a drought around 1605-1615.There wasn’t enough water to drink, let alone grow crops or livestock. People also died because of diseases including malaria, scurvy, and dysentery. There were also other sicknesses that the Englishmen weren’t immune to. When illness struck the colonists, there was only one doctor and that was the same as not having any. The water was really filthy. Document A states that, â€Å"Because of the adjacent river and creeks became brackish as water levels rose, reliable sources of fresh water would have been scarce by the seventeenth century†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This made the risk o f getting a disease higher than not having water at all.The environment was a major death factor even if they learned how to plant or grow livestock. If the colonists were able to support themselves then more would have survived. The death of so many colonists in early Jamestown was mostly cause by the environment and the unfriendly relationship between the early settlers and the Native Americans that was triggered by the colonists not being able to support themselves.

Reflective Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflective Journal - Essay Example The primary audiences for this journal are the different marketers and the organizations who are rowed in a competition for their success in a market. This journal helps them to gain insight on the various marketing trends. On the other hand, the journal provides secondary information to students and researchers to study and analyze the emerging marketing strategies and how companies are adopting new modes to compete with each other. Marketers and different organizations are the primary audience for this journal because these two groups remain in constant struggle to adopt different marketing strategies to compete with other marketers and organizations in marketing their products. This helps them to constantly monitor and analyze the various emerging trends. This research will help the primary audience to gain insight to the various strategies adopted by the different key players and how these marketers would consider marketing their product according to the new demands. For a marketer, it is important to know about the targeted customer and a particular segment but this study would have made them think that segmentation and knowing your customer is not important anymore to compete in a dynamic world of today but the main focus should be emphasized on what these marketers and organizations are offering to the customers which is more important in today’s market. Bailey, C., Baines, R. P., Wilson, H. and Clark, M. (2009). Segmentation and Customer Insight in Contemporary Services Marketing Practice: Why Grouping Customers Is No Longer Enough. Journal of Marketing Management, Volume 25, Issue 3 & 4 April 2009, Pages

Total Quality Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Total Quality Leadership - Research Paper Example Efficient processes also help minimize cost so companies and organizations using sound processes maximize the use of resources and reduce cost (Deming, 1986). As a management approach, TQL capitalizes on the theory of variation, the application of systems, the mind set of the person or team of persons and the scientific means of pursuing optimum performance (Houston and Dockstader, 1997). As a scientific approach to management, TQL facilitates good performance and the proper delivery of services to maximize productivity (Suarez, 1992). The basic concepts involved in TQL include focus on quality of goods and services, costumer satisfaction, improvement of processes, and process management (Luria, 2008). The underlying principle of this management approach is that improved processes can lead to improved quality of goods and services (Luria, 2008). To improve the organizational processes, a company must look into the different aspects of its operations and recognize the fact that its em ployees are important sources of process information. TQL is a complex concept that affects the different aspects of the business. Like TQM, TQL goes deep into the heart of the business operations to strengthen the organization and it extends outward to reach out to the clients of the business. ... Basic Concepts of TQL and their applications By definition, TQM is an application of quantitative methods as well as people assessment to improve processes within the organization to give better services to clients. This management method takes into consideration the role of human resources within the organization as a repository of processes knowledge (Houston and Dockstader, 1997). For TQL, both individual and collective knowledge are important, thus, it gives emphasis on the collective knowledge of those people who are involved in the different processes employed by the organization (Houston and Dockstader, 1997). As it is, group dynamics in the organization is considered as part of the processes of the organization so working teams are very important. The way the working teams behave in coming up with solutions to issues at different levels of the organization is a very important factor that can make or unmake the organization. Organizations, whether big or small undergo numerous process and the application of TQL is crucial in many of these processes. The different processes that are crucial in the application of TQL in the organization are usually found in the following areas: a. Good Quality The quality of goods and services is one of the primary concerns of TQL so this management approach employs certain measures and quality standards to maximize productivity (Luria, 2008). In most cases, companies do both â€Å"quality control by inspection and audit† and â€Å"quality control by prevent† to maintain product integrity (Feigenbaum, 2007). The main focus of â€Å"quality control by inspection and is to sort out the good and the bad products. By definition, an inspection is an organized evaluation using appropriate tools and certain quality parameters. Most types of

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 219

Assignment Example Consider Africa, for example. The continent is the second most populous on earth, and has the largest arable land on earth. The paradox? Africa has the worst cases of famine and starvation globally, and the lowest levels of food security on earth. From a critical perspective, it is worth noting that the above-mentioned scenario should not exist. However, it is also important to consider that a lack of initiative is the biggest obstacle to sustainable food production. In developed countries agriculture always ranks top among the priority areas of development. This is not the case in places with food insecurity, and even if it were the case there is no commitment beyond simple formulation of policies (Christou 32). Budgetary allocations are either below required levels, or misappropriation of funds and poor prioritization abound. While all these constraints remain in place, population growth is not being controlled. Developed countries had to implement population control measures at some point in order to balance food production and population growth, thereby providing a window for food production to be boosted while population growth was managed/stabilized. People like to go on about climate change and soil erosion, but it is important to know that there is nothing that cannot be managed for the sake of mankind’s advancement (Gilland 19). With will, resources, and commitment it will be possible for food production to be boosted beyond the effects of population growth, and all other challenges surmounted. In conclusion, I must say that countries with food insecurity just haven’t done enough to mitigate the situation. The possibilities are endless, but the commitment is

Philosophy of nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Philosophy of nursing - Essay Example This partnership between nurse and patient evolved from a relationship where one does things for another, to a therapeutic partnership not only existing while the patient is ill but is extended long after getting better. Integrating the importance of understanding one’s behavior and how this affects the delivery of quality care for patients has turned nursing both into a science and art: science due to the importance of the basic principles of scientific inquiry; and art due to the nurse practitioner’s ability to be creative in applying or modifying various concepts and other bodies of knowledge such as evidence-based practice, depending on what the situation needs (Parker & Smith, 2010). In addition, because establishing a nurse-client relationship that is based on trust and integrity has become just as important as the accuracy and applicability of the care provided, the nurses need to have an awareness not just on the patient’s whole situation but of themselves as well, to assess whether it is in their capacity to bring the necessary service or if they need other forms of assistance. This combination of methodological and creative thinking has made the nursing profession a sc ience and an art. I have chosen to become a nurse by profession because doing so allows me to express various sides of me: the scientific and methodological side; the creative side; and most importantly my caring side. This is because in reality, various disciplines are not strictly separated but rather overlap with one another, thus it is important to acknowledge the fact that every kind of discipline, even the nursing profession borrows other ideas from seemingly-different fields such as psychological theories to business and economics in the process of improving care delivery for patients and other stakeholders. Such ideas were inspired by Peplau’s ground-breaking psychodynamic theory, which integrated interpersonal theory, a psychological

Team goal and team member characteristics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team goal and team member characteristics - Essay Example From a psychological and moral perspective, individualism is the concept that people should think, act and judge things autonomously following their conscience. As members of the British Triathlon team, they have an obligation to fulfill. This obligation needs team members to offer high level of individual independence and accountability and providing them with a chance to follow their initiative and desire. Individualism comes with personal responsibility. The three members of the British Triathlon team have demonstrated the art of being responsible. Personal responsibility shows ones wisdom and maturity. Having the right attitude helps in avoiding the creation of unnecessary problems in life. There are situations when difficulties happen out of one’s control. Sometimes, this is usually unavoidable but with personal responsibility, one is likely to optimistically pounce back and respond (Pritchett 33). Teamwork is evident in the British Triathlon team in that members interact freely and share their experiences about the game. They have established a productive environment, which allows team members development of interpersonal skills that fosters partnership and collaboration rather than rivalry and competition. Diversity in the British Triathlon comes into play when people from different backgrounds in terms of culture and skills are in the same working environment. Diversity will encompass gender, race, ethnicity, age, personality, and educational background. The British Triathlon team took advantage of diversity by incorporating their coach Malcolm Brown. This has enabled them to achieve cohesive in the workplace and achieve set goals. Alistair and Jonathan embraced diversity in the sense that since Malcolm Brown was introduced as a coach; they have cooperated and worked as a team in order to meet their goals. To ensure Smooth Corporation of team members, they have

Creative & Critical Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creative & Critical - Assignment Example However consistent the effects of that approach to achieving peace is, the fact remains that nobody wants to be involved in a war. No man would willingly become a soldier, ready to kill nameless others who have not done him personal harm but rather harmed his nation or a weaker one that needed protection. While numerous articles and opinion papers in the 21st century have condemned war and its outcomes to the best of the writers abilities, the most scathing condemnation of war was not done during our most recent times. Rather, it was written during the events unfolding within World War I by Wilfred Owen in his sonnet â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est†. The gravity of the poem can only be attributed to the fact that Owen wrote the poem while recovering from shell shock or in modern lingo â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder† more commonly known as PTSD in 1917, having served as a British war soldier. Writing many a war related poems during this time including â€Å"Strange Meeting†, â€Å"Insensibility†, and â€Å"S.I.W.†, this practice was actually one of the methods that he employed in order to help him deal with the trauma of the war and its lifelong effects upon him (Williamson, Andrew â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est†). It is from this highly graphic recall of his involvement in the war that led to the highly creative and almost 3-D like depiction of the war within his writing. While published posthumously in 1920 the sonnet translates into English as â€Å"It is sweet and honorable to die for ones country† (Williamson, Andrew â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est†). However, nothing about the lines from the sonnet depict war and the soldier experiences as being such. For example, the first stanza of the sonnet describes: Anybody who reads the above stanza without being told of the era that it was written it would absolutely swear that it was written by a modern day soldier coming home from

Federal Role in Healthcare Delivery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Role in Healthcare Delivery - Essay Example The role of federal government in healthcare is to facilitate Medicare- a plan by the U.S government to provide health insurance to people that are 65 years and above, those below 65 with certain disabilities and those with final-stage renal disease. On the other hand, there is Medicaid- a co-operation tasked with providing cash benefits to welfare beneficiaries, mainly low-income mothers and children and disabled persons and the elderly. This is a responsibility undertaken by both the federal and state government. Nonetheless, there has been a long-time argument as to whether the federal government should be responsible for healthcare entirely (Bovbjerg, Wiener and houseman, 2005). Those favoring the federal government taking over the healthcare system argue that healthcare is essentially a right and not privilege as illustrated by the state government system. That the federal government considers healthcare as a service entitled to all Americans because they are citizens as opposed to the fact that they reside in a particular state. Ideally, it would promote the general welfare of all Americans thus the Universal Healthcare plan. Those favoring the state government taking over argue that it would be better suited to comprehend its citizen’s problems and recommend viable solutions (Bovbjerg, Wiener and houseman, 2005). In 1945, President Harry Truman, only seven months into his presidency, proposed to improve the state of the healthcare system by tackling five issues. The foremost issue was the inadequate number of healthcare professional i.e. doctors, nurses and other specialists in the low-income parts of U.S. He noted that the low earning capacity of healthcare professionals in these parts made it difficult for them to practice there. Coupled with this was the fact that the hospitals and clinics present in these areas did not meet the proper standards of quality. Therefore, he sought to access federal funding to

Network and Operating System Investigation Research Paper

Network and Operating System Investigation - Research Paper Example The Internet banking facilities consist of funds transfer, online shopping, credit card transactions, prepaid vouchers of different mobile phone companies and much more. Moreover, an Internet service provider (ISP) provides internet services to corporate organizations, home users, and small business. If the security of an ISP is compromised, then the hacker may be able to access all the systems that are ultimately the clients of the company. Likewise, ISP also provides site-to-site VPN connectivity from where all the classified data is encrypted from one end to the other. Furthermore, government based organizations also provide information services on the Internet along with defense agencies that are controlled and monitored by the military, once hacked, the impacts can be devastating if the hackers become vulnerable. This can also result in disrupting relations between the two countries. Similarly, a multi-national organization wants to be top of the competition by endearing the com petitive advantage, in order to make its presence stronger, several online features made available, providing more opportunities for hackers and cybercriminals. Why IDS As per network dictionary, IDS is defined as â€Å"Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a type of security management system for computers and networks. An IDS gathers and analyzes information from various areas within a computer or a network to identify possible security breaches, which include both intrusions and misuse†. IDS are of many types and organizations choose the best possible type that suits their prioritized mission-critical systems. The types include network-based IDS, host-based IDS, and software-based IDS. These types are further categorized into signature-based IDS which is also referred to as misuse detection, and Anomaly Detection. The functionality of ‘signature-based IDS’ is dependent on known signatures. The word ‘known’ is important because threats that are detec ting so far are categorized as known threats and are called signatures. Signature-based IDS only detect threats similar to the defined available signatures and do not comply with any new threat. Whereas, Anomaly-based IDS detect unknown activities within the network and detect them as threats and vulnerabilities. Defining Computing Forensics Discussing computer forensics in the context of law enforcement agencies or incorporate security, it will lead to a conclusion of a subject that covers the utilization of computers to catalog physical evidence that is analyzed in other forensics techniques including biometric identification, analyzing DNA and dental evidence. Current technological trends have revolutionized the methods of storing data along with different advanced access mechanisms. These systems facilitate law enforcement agencies by providing instant access to these characteristics. Although, computer forensics also facilitates the investigation of crimes within themselves in order to gather evidence associated with criminal activities that breach the violation of an organizations policy. The data can be extracted from storage devices including hard drives, flash drives, and memory cards etc. (Computer Forensics – a Critical Need in Computer. (n.d.)) Digital Forensics for a Database In order to conduct data forensics, some of the particular methods are mentioned below: Data dictionary extraction is achievable in flat files and ‘redo’ log files.

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: Race Ethnicity Religion Gender Sexual orientation Age Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race All black people like fried chicken All Asian people are smart White people are all nerdy. Sexual Orientation Homosexuals are all effeminate. Straight guys are all belching morons. Homosexuals are weak. Religion Muslims are all warlike Jews are greedy and money hungry. Christians are hypocritical conquerors. Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? It is my personal conviction that stereotypes have absolutely no positive aspects. This sort of thinking only leads to deeper struggles and inequality within societies. It is absolutely vital for a deeper level of understanding to be reached by people of differing race and ethnicity in order for the possibility of a peaceful world to exist. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? There are many negative aspects of stereotypes. One of the main consequences is the lack of unity within a society or population. If different groups are at war with each other within a society their chances of becoming a true world power are miniscule. Also stereotyping generally leads to violence and pain for everyone involved because of the conflict that it arouses. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. The text defines stereotypes as: unreliable, exaggerated, generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account. Prejudice is defined as: a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority . The difference between these two concepts is that stereotypes are false beliefs about an entire group of people that perpetuate fear and misunderstanding, like: all black people are thugs. Whereas prejudice is a negative feeling towards an entire group based on the fact that they are different. An example of this is the prejudice against hiring blacks to do a certain job because one feels they mentally inferior because they are a different race.(Schaefer 2012). What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is basically one of escalation. The connection between the two usually occurs in the form that stereotyping leads to prejudice. This often occurs because stereotypes create a sense of uncertainty and distrust between groups and prejudice is a more refined and focused form of intolerance that often leads to discrimination and hate. What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? The biggest thing that can be done to prevent prejudice is to educate people about other races and ethnicities, and to work towards establishing a better degree of understanding and unity between different groups of people. It is also necessary to single out those who are acting in a prejudiced manner and show that this type of sentiment will not be tolerated. References Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.(Ch.2)

Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes

Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes Maariyah Iqbal   INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the background of the problem will be presented. This will be followed by the research problem as well as the particular purpose and question, specifically highlighting why the topic area chosen is of great interest. 1.1 Background The National Health Service (NHS) provides healthcare for all citizens within the United Kingdom (UK) and it is funded by taxes; the core principles of the NHS are to meet the needs of everyone and it is based on a patients clinical need(s) and not on their ability to pay (Slee et al., 2008). The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2017 provides guidance on how to promote good health as well as prevention and treatment of health. The NHS in England receives over 1 million patients approximately every 36 hours, and this organisation employs over an estimated of 1.5 million people making it to one of the top five worlds largest workforces (NHS Choices, 2016). Despite the success of the services of the NHS there is more work needed to continue to improve services and deliver care (NHS Improvement, 2015). Therefore, the NHS continues to remain under pressure as there are further increases in demand for care (NHS Improvement, 2015). This means an increased demand for all health care practitioners, including Radiographers. The demand for services means increased waiting times, may lead to increased work pressure. To improve services the department of health set an ongoing standard for the NHS where the patient spends four hours or less in the Accident and Emergency (AE) from arrival to admission or discharge (House of commons, 2005). However, a report from the Kings Fund (2016) shows that AE departments are soaring to six million patients attending, this is placing a huge strain on services making it difficult to meet this target. Data from the briefing paper from Houses of Parliament (Appendix 1) show that in some areas such as; Greater London and Manchester there was 26-32% of patients that waited for more than four hours. Increased demands of work continue to leave the NHS under pressure as there are further increases in demand for care, and issues with being able to discharge medically fit patients (NHS Improvement, 2015). Extracted from the quarterly data summary issue (2008), in England one of the main issues surrounding discharging of patients is that they are still awaiting results of tests and discharge forms are not being complete in time (NHS England, 2015). Good planning in regards to discharging is imperative as it will improve patient flow and satisfactory, and can also decrease the chances of patients being readmitted again (Family Caregiver Alliance, 2016). The department of health puts forward ten operating principles in regards to discharging, one of which is the multidisciplinary team working together to plan care, and make decisions on the process and timing of discharging (Nursing Standard, 2010). Professionals can extend their roles beyond their scope of practice, and can be further trained to contribute to discharging of patients which can ease pressures of other staff in the AE department such as; doctors. Research also taken from (Graysons, no date) showed that a search search by the NHS Litigation Authority for descriptions of failure/delay diagnosis or incorrect diagnosis in 2014/15. The results of the response showed, 183 mentions of fractures. This highlighted that misinterpretation of images was also one of the factors of delayed discharge. In the context of clinical imaging, radiographers reporting on images is well established in the UK and it makes a major contribution to clinical imaging services and contribution to multidisciplinary care (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). A study was carried out by Snaith (2007) whereby three reporting radiographers were trained to discharge patients or refer to AE (Accident Emergency) for further assessment. The results were significant and showed that that 1760 examinations were reviews, 5% of these were discharged and 2% were referred. However, the number of patients recalled due to incorrect interpretation was decreased by 52% in those 4 months compared with the previous 3 years data (The College of Radiographers, 2017). This shows that Radiographers can extend their role not just within clinical imaging services, but also outside of their department by contributing to the management of patients and decreasing the risk of radiographic misinterpretation. Initially, radiographers produce high quality images of the body, screen for abnormalities and take part in surgical examinations to identify and diagnose injury and disease (The National Careers Service, 2016). Thus, being able to distinguish between normal and abnormal appearances that are evident on images is one of the standards that should be met by a radiographer (HCPC, 2017). The red dot system is implemented by radiographers in emergency departments to highlight acute abnormalities. Radiography Abnormality Detection Schemes (RADS) is one of the ways in which radiographers interpret images produced. They are able to make an initial interpretation on images obtained which gives them a proactive role in the diagnostic process, and assists doctors in the correct interpretation of radiographic images (SoR, no date). However, despite there being a set standard for radiographers to meet. Clinical imaging services are under increasing pressure year on year as radiographers are required to enhance the quality of the image, productivity, which is difficult due to staffing levels (Beardmore, 2013). In addition, these problematic areas can have a knock-on effect on other significant areas within the NHS; such as supervision of newly qualified and students that are training there. After research, the author has found that there is a variation in of training in hospitals and university, as the time that students spend on clinical placement has found to be different. The University of Leeds (2017) 50% of the course is in clinical placement, however, students at the Birmingham City University (2017) spend 35% of their course on clinical placement. This highlights there is a variation in clinical placement and this could affect the new registrants that may not be equally competent once qualified or even mee t a certain threshold. Ultimately, all students must meet specific standards in order to receive their Health and care professions council (HCPC) registration to be able to become and work as a newly qualified radiographer (the Society and College of Radiographers, 2017). The HCPC is an independent regulator, it regulates 15 other professions besides radiographers, they are established to protect the public by maintaining a register of all those that hold the protected title of social worker, so that registrants practice safely, legally and effectively (University of Bedfordshire, 2017). The HCPC set standards, approve courses that meet those standards, register those who pass the courses and clinical competencies, and hold them to their standards. In relation to diagnostic radiography, they set standards of proficiency for all radiographers which set out safe and effective practice, it covers areas in depth; so, all radiographers should be able to maintain fitness and practice (Health and Care Professions Council, 2013), this is elaborated on further from on section 3 to 3.3 (Appendix 2). It is vital that all standards that are discussed and mentioned, are met in order to be able to receive the registration. Additionally, once qualified and registered under the HCPC; a newly qualified radiographer is supported on their job role by a period of preceptorship. Although there is no defined period of preceptorship it is support for those that have newly qualified. It is a period of adaptation to a job role, consolidating knowledge and skills till he or she is able to work as an autonomous radiographer. (The Society and College of Radiographers, 2017). Moreover, as there is a shortage of staff as the NHS staff survey conducted in 2013 that showed that the staff stated that they felt under pressure and over worked, as they were working extra hours increasing from 69.7% to 70.5% from the previous year (UNISON, 2014). This highlights that training students, or even supporting staff within an organisation can be difficult as staff can be difficult due to staffing issues and work pressures. However, from research the author has found that an increase of patients will mean an increase in the range and capability of clinical images which will consequent needs of training radiographers to safely extend their roles. Moreover, initial training whereby it leads to either role extension, or continuing professional development are integral to radiographic practice (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). Radiographers are expected to build on their postgraduate qualifications and clinical managers are encouraged to embed this use of learning tool in radiographers personal development reviews (The Society of Radiographers, 2017). In context, of this radiographer are able to extend their roles by Radiographer Abnormality Detection Schemes (RADS). RADS allows radiographers to red dot images which put a mark on the image suggesting there is an abnormality present (Carver and Carver, 2012). Thus, making it easier for the clinician/referrer to look at when reporting on it. Being able to implement RADS can help to reduce errors and improve accuracy (Chan, 2007). The aim of this system is to assist emergency departments, especially when there is a shortage of staff such as; radiologists that do the reporting w hich helps location of the abnormality to be commented on sooner (Coelho and Rodrigues, no date). The basis of the problem around RADS will now be further discussed, which will be able to give an insight of the purpose of this research. 1.1 Research Problem RADS has become an accepted norm for radiographers (Carver and Carver, 2012). Before implementing RADS, it is essential that radiographers are able to evaluate and manipulate images for quality purposes which allows them to the be able to understand the image to implement RADS. A study carried out by Brearly et al., 2005 which looked at the accuracy of radiographers use of the red dot system with and without training on this area, and whether or not they can assess how a normal image would be presented. There was a significant improvement found in the sensitivity for detecting abnormalities, however, there was no change in the actual specificity. This highlights that, after training took place radiographers were able to red dot more images than before the training took place, however, the number of radiographs that radiographers selected as being normal there was no change found. Therefore, the validity of this study is limited as it not clear on whether the sample of radiographs before and after training were comparable. However, Hardy and Culpan (2007) carried out a study whereby they assessed radiographers before and after training in their ability to red dot images. They introduced a training programme for 10 weeks, the results showed that their accurac y as a group increased for 89.9% to 93% and their sensitivity (number of abnormal images) however, the specificity (number of normal images) decreased slightly from 96.4% to 96.1%. The study highlights, that although the results are not statistically significant, with appropriate training it can have an overall positive effect on the use of radiographer abnormality detection schemes. Despite there being a significant amount of research on this topic area, there is no clear evidence whether or not training improves the implementation of red dotting. 1.1 Research purpose and question The purpose of this research is to give an insight on whether training improves newly qualified radiographers in implementing RADS in practice or not. This case will be further developed with the use of a literature review. References Birmingham City University. (2017). Diagnostic Radiography: BSc (Hons). Available: http://www.bcu.ac.uk/courses/diagnostic-radiography-2017-18. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017 Net Doctor. (2017). What is the NHS?. Available: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health-services/nhs/a4489/what-is-the-nhs/. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. NHS Choices . (2016). The NHS in England. Available: http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/about/Pages/overview.aspx. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. NHS Improvement. (2015). NHS providers working hard, but still under pressure . Available: https://improvement.nhs.uk/news-alerts/nhs-providers-working-hard-still-under-pressure/. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. Teesside University. (2017). BSc (Hons) Diagnostic Radiography. Available: https://www.tees.ac.uk/undergraduate_courses/Health__Social_Care/BSc_(Hons)_Diagnostic_Radiography.cfm. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The Kings Fund. (2017). Demand for NHS services soars to record levels. Available: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/press/press-releases/demand-nhs-services-soars-record-levels. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The National Careers Service. (2016). Radiographer. Available: https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/job-profiles/radiographer. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. UNISON. (2014). Running on empty NHS staff stretched to the limit. Available: https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/04/On-line-Catalogue222452.pdf. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. Parliamentary. (no date). Accident and Emergency Statistics: Demand, performance and pressure. Available: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06964. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The Health and Care Professions Council. (2017). Standards of Proficiency. Available: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10000DBDStandards_of_Proficiency_Radiographers.pdf. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. The Society of Radiographers. (no date). Radiographer abnormality detection schemes in the trauma environment. Available: http://www.sor.org/system/files/article/201109/ab_detection_clinical_260607.pdf. Last accessed 9th Feb 2017. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j8vohIcgiiACpg=PA264dq=what+is+red+dotting+in+radiographyhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwia0cm_h4vSAhVTF8AKHXsnDu0Q6AEIQDAG#v=onepageq=what%20is%20red%20dotting%20in%20radiographyf=false https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_W0RhyluKncCpg=PT33dq=why+is+the+red+dot+system+importanthl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwimt62ak4vSAhVpJ8AKHUm6DPoQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepageq=why%20is%20the%20red%20dot%20system%20importantf=false http://repositorio.chporto.pt/bitstream/10400.16/842/1/CR11a.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6998900_Accuracy_of_radiographers_red_dot_or_triage_of_accident_and_emergency_radiographs_in_clinical_practice_A_systematic_review https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Hf4xWVXwxoCpg=PA376dq=The+National+Health+Service+(NHS)+provides+healthcare+for+all+citizens+within+the+United+Kingdom+(UK)+and+it+is+funded+by+taxes.hl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjm3tWB-Y3SAhWKD8AKHbTzAtcQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepageq=The%20National%20Health%20Service%20(NHS)%20provides%20healthcare%20for%20all%20citizens%20within%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20(UK)%20and%20it%20is%20funded%20by%20taxes.f=false https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmpubacc/445/445.pdf http://www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources/?EntryId45=59854 http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(05)00159-8/abstract http://www.graysons.co.uk/advice/the-top-misdiagnosed-conditions-in-nhs-hospitals/#misdiagnosed https://www.caregiver.org/hospital-discharge-planning-guide-families-and-caregivers http://journals.rcni.com/userimages/ContentEditor/1373367855606/Discharge-planning.pdf http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(03)00069-5/abstract https://www.beds.ac.uk/howtoapply/departments/appliedsocialstudies/reforms-in-social-work-education/the-health-and-care-professions-council-hcpc http://www.radiographyonline.com/article/S1078-8174(05)00159-8/abstract Appendices Appendix 1: AE waiting times in England: Patients spending over 4 hours in major AE departments (Parliamentary, no date) Appendix 2 (Health and Care Professions Council, 2013). Further websites could be used https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232221820_Evaluating_the_true_clinical_utility_of_the_red_dot_system_in_radiograph_interpretation could be used for intro and literature review http://shura.shu.ac.uk/9450/1/Naylor_PhD.pdf

Operant and Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Operant and Classical Conditioning in Advertising Buyer behaviour and marketing communications Classical Conditioning Theory Operant learning theory can be compared to classical conditioning learning theory, as both are methods through which behaviour can be modified. The key difference is that operant learning is based on modifying the consequences of behaviour, whilst classical conditioning is based on the use of stimuli to modify behaviour. This can most clearly be seen by reference to Pavlov’s (1927) and Skinner’s (1957) experiments. Pavlov’s (1927) experiments involved training dogs to associate the sound of a bell with being fed. As such, the dogs learnt to salivate when they heard a bell, in anticipation of food, in spite of not controlling when the food was delivered. This demonstrates classical conditioning learning. In contrast, Skinner’s (1957) experiments involved placing rats in separate boxes each of which contained a bar. When the rat pressed the bar, a consequence would occur. Some rats were fed when they pressed their bar, whilst others suffered an electric shoc k. Other rats were given an electric shock until they pressed the bar, when the shock went away. Over time, the rats learnt to moderate their behaviour, either to obtain the benefits or to avoid the harmful effects. This is an example of operant learning (Domjan, 2003). As a result of the interactive nature of operant learning, advertising has traditionally been based on classical conditioning, with campaigns generally intended to drive dynamic learning within consumers, thus moderating their behaviour to associate a product with a certain type of reward. Ackerberg (2003) claims that this reward can be either some form of tangible benefits; or it can be based on â€Å"image†, â€Å"brand† or â€Å"prestige† benefits. However, Ackerberg’s (2003) research indicated that traditional advertising does not always tend to affect consumer behaviour, instead simply acting to inform consumers and enable them to choose products which fit their self image. This is reinforced by Osselaer and Alba (2000) who argue that using the advertising process to attempt to enhance brand equity can often result in a decrease in customer perception of the attributes used to judge product quality. This is particularly the case when a company already has an existing reputation based on product quality, indicating that consumers are more likely to trust the operant conditioning they have developed from using products, rather than the perception of said products. However, the recent rise of interactive media such as e-mail and the internet offer companies the chance to include more operant conditioning principles in the advertising and promotional campaigns, by allowing customers to interact with products through virtual multimedia environments. This effectively allows companies to achieve a balance between indirect advertising and direct, but expensive and narrowly focused, product trials, whilst maintaining a wide reach. Indeed, research by Daugherty et al (2008) has shown that when comparing the direct, indirect, and virtual marketing methods, the virtual methodology can have the greatest impact on brand attitudes, particularly when it is followed up by exposure to advertising or a direct trial. This indicates that virtual advertising allows companies to obtain the best of both worlds, aiding in the indirect, classical conditioning, approach and the direct, operant learning, approach (Daugherty et al, 2008). As such, the evidence tends to suggest that both operant and classical learning can be used in the creation of advertising campaigns. However, evidence from Pawlowski et al (1998) shows that existing conditioning and learning will also play an important role in perceptions of advertising, and the ability of campaigns to affect consumer behaviour. This was demonstrated by Pawlowski et al’s experiments with children in the American second, fourth, and sixth grades, who were shown four advertisements. The older children were better able to interpret the metaphors from the advertisements, as well as the brand names and specific advertising copy. However, in spite of the increased levels of understanding with age, there was little evidence that the advertising messages improved the perceptions of the advertised products. This not only indicates that people’s experience and development will affect their interpretation of advertising, but also that it is important to ensure that advertising is correctly pitched in order to reinforce or ‘punish’ existing perceptions to boost the operant condition ing effect. Some evidences as to how this can be achieved can be found in the work of Ottemann and Lethans (1975), who argued that operant learning theory and behavioural modification principles could be used to affect the organisational behaviour of major organisations. Their work was based on the use of organisational behaviour modification programs, and their effects on the performance of first line supervisors who had been trained to manage their behaviour on a contingent basis. The results of said study revealed that supervisors who had been trained to moderate their behaviour, according to the operant conditions, achieved consistently superior performance levels when compared to their peers who had experienced no such training (Ottemann and Luthans, 1975). This could be argued to indicate that operant learning theory is always of use in moderating behaviour, and that this usefulness tends to be increased as the relevance of the stimulus in increased. Within advertising, Till and Priluck (2000) refer to the relevance of a stimulus, and also to stimulus generalisation, which refers to â€Å"the extent to which a response conditioned to one stimulus transfers to similar stimuli†. Indeed, in the context of using conditioning and learning for advertising campaigns, stimulus generalisation is vital for factors such as brand extension and brand imitation. This argument is supported by two studies carried out by Till and Priluck (2000), which show that once an advertising or promotion campaign has conditioned customer attitudes towards a particular brand, they can then transfer said attitudes to a product in a similar category, or with a similar name. However, the results of the studies also suggested that this may only be a temporary effect, and that customers will ultimately also need to be conditioned to the new product or category (Till and Priluck, 2000). In addition, Kim et al (1998) argue that existing attitudes and the nat ure of an operant learning approach can affect the extent to which these attitudes can be transferred, as well as the formation of new attitudes and product beliefs. This continues to indicate that both operant learning and classical conditioning will run into problems if they attempt to run against existing environmental conditioning which exists in consumers. However, Grossman and Till (1998) carried out two experiments which tended to indicate that classical conditioning learning can be used to overcome existing environmental conditioning through advertising, although this was found to be a long term effect. This finding is based on the use of classical conditioning procedures which matched favourable images and representations to a brand of mouthwash. The first experiment was based on simple exposure, the impact of which was then measured immediately after the experiment; and again after one week and three weeks had elapsed. The second study used the same methods and procedures, but in a more controlled environment and over a longer period of time. This showed that not only do classical conditioning adverts tend to be enduring in the minds of consumers, but also that they can gradually alter existing perceptions over time (Grossman and Till, 1998). Similar results were shown by Herr and Fazio (1991), however their research also examined the use of both attributional and cognitive, verbal learning techniques in order to maximise the conditioning affects. Such repeated and varied positioning of the brand as being favourably evaluated was shown to be more effective than simply using a single technique (Herr and Fazio, 1991). Another area in which both classical and operant learning and conditioning can be used in advertising is in the use of celebrities as conditioned stimuli to help with the associative learning process. Recent work by Till et al (2008) has established that the use of celebrities in advertising can actually have an active, operant conditioning, effect on conditioning, in spite of advertising being more of a classical conditioning medium. In addition to this, the operant learning effects will tend to be more effective when there is a fit between celebrity and product, and will also tend to be more enduring than peer products with no celebrity endorsement (Till et al, 2008). Similar observations have been made for the use of event or sports team sponsorship, although this has been shown to have more of a classical conditioning than an operant learning effect (Speed and Thompson, 2000). Again, the effectiveness of this approach is driven by the fit between the sponsor and event or team; as well as perceptions of the sponsor and their motivations for the sponsorship (Speed and Thompson, 2000). However, in spite of the now widespread use of classical conditioning as a method for interpreting the effects of advertising, and the less wide spread use of operant learning, there are still critics of these approaches. In particular, Allen and Madden (1985) argue that there is a need for a more precise ‘affective-conditioning hypothesis’ to be created in order to better describe the effects of advertising, and in the absence of unequivocal evidence to support classical conditioning effects. In addition, Stuart et al (1987) conducted experiments to determine exactly what classical conditioning effects could be observed within the context of advertising and consumer behaviour. These experiments demonstrated that whilst classical attitude conditioning could be observed at all four levels of stimulus pairing, environmental conditioning and latent inhibition acted to strongly retard these conditioning effects. This implies that the affect of classical conditioning approach es in advertising cannot be accurately predicted, due to the wide range of environmental and latent inhibitions which will be inherent in the majority of consumers who have already been exposed to advertising for any great length of time (Stuart et al, 1987). One example of an advertising campaign which has used classical conditioning and operant learning is the move by the supermarket chain Sainsbury’s to use celebrity chef Jamie Oliver to front a major advertising campaign, and effectively be â€Å"the TV face of Sainsburys† (Wheeler, 2003). This advertising campaign can be seen to have a strong classical conditioning effect, as it helps customers to associate the products and branding that they see in Sainsbury’s stores with a well recognised culinary expert. In addition, the use of a relevant celebrity will provide operant learning, something which has been supported by the inclusion of promotional materials such as Jamie Oliver recipe cards, which have been made available to customers. Wheeler (2003) provides evidence of the success of the operant conditioning impact of this campaign: after Oliver demonstrated how to use Sainsburys truffle butter to cook an appetising Christmas turkey, Sainsbury’s reported selling more than 50,000 jars of the product. This shows that Oliver’s recommendations, shown on TV, on recipe cards and in store, conditioned customers to associate the butter with cooking a high quality meal, thus increasing sales. However, there is also evidence that Sainsbury’s has suffered somewhat from existing environmental conditioning towards Oliver, with Walker (2005) reporting that Oliver is someone that â€Å"people either love or hate†. As such, some people will already have negative conditioning around Oliver, and this conditioning will act to inhibit any conditioning around Sainsbury’s brand and products. In addition, Oliver’s actions, such as refusing to use Sainsbury’s farmed salmon in his restaurants despite endorsing it for the company, will also impair conditioning; as people will perceive a conflict between the two stimuli (Walker, 2005). On addition, Oliver’s personal views can also condition customers against the Sainsbury’s brand, as reported by the Telegraph (2008) when Oliver â€Å"attacked Sainsburys for failing to turn up to a debate on factory farming†. Whilst the company allowed a senior director to be interviewed as part of the program, and none of the other major supermarkets sent representatives to the debate, the conditioned association between Oliver and Sainsbury’s means that the consequences of non attendance will likely be higher for Sainsbury’s, and may further impair conditioning. In addition, Sainsbury’s should look to boost its use of Oliver in more operant conditioning settings, in order to overcome these issues. For example, the supermarket could make use of the interactive nature of the internet to set up a ‘cook with Jamie’ part of the site, where customers could download recipes and watch how they are cooked. This would help them make associations between buying Sainsbury’s products and cooking appetising meals, as well as making it easier for them to cook meals once they have bought the ingredients. The campaign could also be boosted by the use of more in store activities associated with Oliver, such as holding in store tastings of products he has endorsed, or demonstrating their use in store. For example, in the week before Xmas, by holding a demonstration of how to use the truffle butter mentioned above to cook a turkey, Sainsbury’s could have benefitted from operant conditioning and learning, and further boosted its sales of the product. In conclusion, in spite of the difficulties associated with using both operant conditioning and classical conditioning in advertising and promotions, it is clear that both techniques still have significant potential applications to real life advertising campaigns. In particular, the use of the internet and association with well known celebrities allows retailers, and other businesses, to benefits from the combined effects of classical conditioning and operant learning, to further boost associations. By doing so, and ensuring that the associations are relevant and pertinent to the customers, retailers can achieve both short term success, as seen in the truffle butter example above, and long term success, as described by Grossman and Till (1998), by making long term adjustments to the environmental conditioning of their customers. References Ackerberg, D. A. (2003) Advertising, learning, and consumer choice in experience good markets: an empirical examination. International Economic Review; Vol. 44, Issue 3, p. 1007-1040. Daugherty, T. Li, H. and Biocca, F. (2008) Consumer learning and the effects of virtual experience relative to indirect and direct product experience. Psychology Marketing; Vol. 25, Issue 7, p. 568-586. Domjan, M. E. (2003) The Principles of Learning and Behaviour; Fifth Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson / Wadsworth. Grossman, R. P. and Till, B. D. (1998) The Persistence of Classically Conditioned Brand Attitudes. Journal of Advertising; Vol. 27, Issue 1, p. 23-31. Herr, P. M. and Fazio, R. H. (1991) On the Effectiveness of Repeated Positive Expressions as an Advertising Strategy. Advances in Consumer Research; Vol. 18, Issue 1, p. 30-32. Kim, J. Jeen-Su L. and Bhargava, M. (1998) The Role of Affect in Attitude Formation: A Classical Conditioning Approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science; Vol. 26, Issue 2, p. 143-152. Osselaer, S. M. J. A. and Alba, J. W. (2000) Consumer Learning and Brand Equity. Journal of Consumer Research; Vol. 27, Issue 1, p. 1-16. Ottemann, R. and Luthans, F. (1975) An Experimental Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of An Organizational Behavior Modification Program In Industry. Academy of Management Proceedings; p. 140-142. Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. London: Oxford University Press. Pawlowski, D. R. Badzinski, D. M. and Mitchell, N. (1998) Effects of Metaphors on Childrens Comprehension and Perception of Print Advertisements. Journal of Advertising; Vol. 27, Issue 2, p. 83-98. Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal Learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Speed, R. and Thompson, P. (2000) Determinants of Sports Sponsorship Response. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science; Vol. 28, Issue 2, p. 227-238. Stuart, E. W. Shimp, T. A. and Engle, R. W. (1987) Classical Conditioning of Consumer Attitudes: Four Experiments in an Advertising Context. Journal of Consumer Research; Vol. 14, Issue 3, p. 334-349. Telegraph, The (2008) Sainsburys playing chicken, says Jamie Oliver. The Daily Telegraph and Telegraph.co.uk. 8th January 2008. Accessed 20th July 2008: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1574897/Sainsburys-playing-chicken,-says-Jamie-Oliver.html Till, B. D. and Priluck, R. L. (2000) Stimulus Generalization in Classical Conditioning: An Initial Investigation and Extension. Psychology Marketing; Vol. 17, Issue 1, p. 55-72. Till, B. D. Stanley, S. M. and Priluck, R. L. (2008) Classical conditioning and celebrity endorsers: An examination of belongingness and resistance to extinction. Psychology Marketing; Vol. 25, Issue 2, p. 179-196. Walker, A. (2005) Profile: Jamie Oliver. BBC News: Magazine. 30th March 2005. Accessed 20th July 2008: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4394025.stm Wheeler, B. (2003) Sainsbury banks on fresh Oliver ads. BBC News: Business. 11th June 2003. Accessed 20th July 2008: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2979646.stm

How computer viruses work :: essays research papers

How computer viruses work Computer viruses are not understood very well, but they get your attention. Viruses show us how vulnerable we are, but they also show how open and worldly human beings have become. Microsoft and other large companies had to shut down all their e-mail systems when the â€Å"Melissa† virus became a worldwide event.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A computer virus is passed on from one computer to another computer. A virus must ride on top of some other program to document in order to perform an instruction. After it is running, it can then infect other programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Viruses were first seen in the late 1980s; the first factor was the spread of personal computers. Before the 1980’s home computers were non-existent or they were used for toys, and the real computers were very rare and they were locked away to only be used by the â€Å"experts.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second factor was the se of the â€Å"bulletin boards†; any one could get to a bulletin board if they had a modem and download programs. Bulletin boards led to the precursor of the virus known as the Trojan Horse. It is a program that sounds really cool when you read it, so then people download it, and when people run the program, however, it does something uncool like erasing your disk, so people think that they are getting something neat, but it wipes out their system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third factor to viruses is the floppy disk. Programs were small and they could fit the operating system, or a word processor onto the floppy disk, and then turn on the machine and it would load the operating system and everything else off the disk. Viruses took advantage of these three facts to create the first self-replicating programs!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early viruses were pieces of code attached to programs like games or word processors. People could download an infected game from a bulletin board and run it, and a virus like this is a small piece of code embedded in a larger, legitimate program. The virus loads its self to memory and looks around to see if it can find any programs on the hard disk. When it finds one it modifies it to the virus’s code to the program. Then the virus launches the â€Å"real program,† and the user has no way of knowing that it is infected. The next time this program is executed, they infect other programs, and the cycle continues.

Tradition and Trespasses :: Essays Papers

Tradition and Trespasses Introduction: We can hear the themes of our childhood stories echoing throughout our lives. There is Cinderella-- the ragged, pathetic, abused girl, who when she was beautified, becomes the choice of the young, courageous, handsome prince. There is the story of poor little Snow White who needs the kiss of a stunningly gorgeous young man and the help of seven old men to save her from evil. Very few parents, I am sure, would stand up against their children watching or reading Cinderella or even Snow White. After all, these stories are a part of our culture. These stories and others are foundational for all of us. But who are we as a culture? What is our culture really saying underneath these little fantasy stories? This fabulously romantic idea of the man being the savior and the one who chooses has seeped through our veins and we barely realize it. When we apply our culture?s underlying ideas in foundational stories to theology, we see that we would never want to make God analogous to the poor, ragged, pathetic, abused female. We would rather see God as the chooser, the hero, the savior, the powerful man. Biblical Exegesis: If we turn to a healthy biblical exegesis of scripture, then we see that God is portrayed in creaturely images both as a father and a mother. The book of Hosea portrays God as the father of Israel. It is in the eleventh chapter that one especially sees God portrayed as a father weeping over his son whom he raised. There are also passages such as Isaiah 49:15 where God?s love is shown as a woman?s love for a child of her womb. Tradition: Tradition is what those who have come before us have handed down to us so that we might continue to live their faith (K. S. McCormick). Our tradition as a church has named the Trinity of our one God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The tradition of God as Father comes from a rich heritage that we, as a present, living community, can draw from and use. Wolfhart Pannenberg points out one of the rich qualities that comes along with referring to God as Father. He says (concerning the Israelites and God), ?the fatherly relation of God to the king by an act of adoption gave the idea of God as father a consistency which made it much more than a metaphor.

DNA sequencing Essay

1 How can scientists identify specific bacteria when they are amplifying and studying the same region of DNA in each species? Specialist or doctors compare the nucleotides of the DNA sequences to specific bacteria. 2 Why is PCR used in the process of DNA sequencing? Used to make small segments of DNA. To analyze DNA more DNA is required to attain proper results. 3 How can the DNA sequencing technique shown in the virtual lab be used to identify other classes of pathogens, such as viruses? The same process can be performed by entering parts of the sequences into the database. 4 Explain how sequence data and information about patient symptoms led you to diagnose Sue’s illness. My partner and I looked up different diseases that could be causing Sue’s symptoms until we came across 3 strong matches. Then the disease database testing identified which disease it was. 5 How can DNA sequencing be used to identify genetic risk for certain diseases and disorders? DNA sequencing can be used in family history to find mutations that can cause health problems in the future, how medical history affected the person or diseases that complicated the body. 33. The possible people who could have gotten meningitis from Sue are Jill, Marco, Sue’s friend that she visited at the other University who may have passed along, Maria and Maggie. 34. To proceed with the procedure sue will need to go to the hospital to get treated right away and take antibiotics to cure her disease but antibiotics doesn’t always work with some peoples immune systems. Sue and anyone else she contacted with or know with meningitis symptoms should go to the hospital right away or they can be dead in 24hrs or so. Symptoms of  meningitis: fever, vomiting, headache and feeling unwell. Red ticks show symptoms more specific to meningitis and septicemia and less common in milder illnesses. Limb pain, pale skin, and cold hands and feet often appear earlier than the rash, neck stiffness, dislike of bright lights and confusion.

Case Study Analysis

honourable Case Study 2 scissure Goes to School Shanda Woody Montreat College Ethical Case Study 2 S altogethery Goes to School A fundamental conniption of ethics in direction is the duty to asserted consent. intercommunicate consent reflects complaisance for the node as an individual and promotes self-directed during the counseling act upon (Pope & Melba, 2011). The Ameri faeces focus connectedness Ethical Decision do Model provides advocates with a blueprint for fashioning honourable stopping locates bit placing an emphasis on values and principles and is appropriate in resolve the ethical quandary contained in this part study (Miller & Davis, 1996).ACA Model The ACA rule of morality states, when advocates ar faced with ethical dilemmas that are difficult to resolve, they are expected to subscribe in a carefully find outed ethical ending devising toughie (ACA, 2005). This molding directly applies the ACA regulation of Ethics while combining Kitche ners (1984) virtue ethics, direction consultation, and self-determination (Corey, Corey & Callahan, 2011). The model also includes the work of avant-garde Hoose and Paradise (1979), Stadler (986), Haas and Malouf (1989), Forester-Miller and Rubenstein (1992), and Sileo and Kopala (1993).The ACA model encourages a counseling alliance based on trust and states when counselors are faced with an ethical dilemma they apply careful treatation to the decision making fulfill (Corey, Corey & Callahan, 2011). ACA Decision devising Model make The ACA model identifies Kitcheners cinque moral principles as the cornerstone of the decision making process and they include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and faithfulness (Forester-Miller & Davis, 1996). Upon eviewing these ethical principles, the model step uplines seven go in the decision making process including identify the problem apply the ACA Code of Ethics, consider the nature of the dilemma, determine a accompli shable way of life of work on, consider probable consequences for all options and determine a caterpillar tread of execute, evaluate the grad of action, and implement the action (Forester-Miller, & Davis, 1996). The first beat in the model is to identify the problem by meeting place as much information as possible.It is important to outline the facts and eliminate both assumptions so that the counselor can determine the ethical dilemma and the course of action needed. In this phase, the model suggest asking questions such as Is the issue connect to me and what I am doing or non doing? Is it related to the client and/or the clients family? Is the issue an ethical, legal or clinical problem? (Forester-Miller, & Davis, 1996) The next step is to apply the ACA Code of Ethics. If there is a standard or standards that apply, the model recommends spare-time activity the course of action indicated which should lead to a solution.It is important that counselors be familiar with the ethical standards and learn the implications (Forester-Miller et al. ,1996). The next step in the model is to determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. In this step, the counselor would consider the moral principles and reconcile which principles apply, then review any captain literature to help reach a decision, consult with colleagues and other headmasters, and seek out assistance from state and national associations.At this point in the decision making process, the counselor may want to appertain to Kitcheners (1984) tail fin moral principles to ensure autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are being used as a fall in the decision making process. (Forester-Miller et al. , 1996) Next, counselors begin to brainstorm and create possible solutions for the ethical dilemma. subsequently this stage, counselors will consider the information gathered during previous stages, treasure each option carefully and consider the implications for the co urse of action. The ACA model stresses the mportance of eliminating options that will not result in the optimum progeny and to avoid making decisions that will be more problematic that the situation at hand. (Forester-Miller et al. , 1996) The final two stages include evaluating and implementing the selected course of action. At this point, it is imperative that the counselors consider any new ethical dilemmas that may oblige been created by the decision made and if it is stubborn more harm will keep down to the client the counselor moldiness go back to the beginning and reevaluate the process to ensure the best possible outcome.Once it has been pertinacious that this ethical decision made is appropriate, the counselor will implement the plan and issue forth up with the situation to ensure the course had the anticipated results. Ethical Decision and Implications After reviewing the ACA decision making model, the counselor would film to discuss the purpose of treatment, the go als, procedures and techniques provided during the sanative relationship (Corey & Herlihy, 2006). Any testing or diagnosis needs to be explained as the client has a refine to be an dynamic participant.Implementation of the ACA Code of Ethics A. 2. a Informed Consent which states clients have a right to choose and remain in the therapeutic relationship and counselors have an obligation to inform clients of the ongoing counseling process is imperative(ACA, 2005). At this juncture, the counselor would also want to refer to ACA Code of Ethics E. 3. a which states counselors must explain the nature and purpose of assessments in a way that the clients can understand (ACA, 2005).Reflections on the Decision Making Process Upholding the ethical standards of the counseling professional can be a difficult parturiency due to a myriad of reasons. An ethical dilemma can prove to be overwhelming and complex but if the counselor utilizes an effective decision making model, refers to the ACA Co de of Ethics as a guide, and upholds professional ethics by maintaining the best raise of the client the result should be unequivocal and a learning experience for all involved.References Forester-Miller, H. & Davis, T. (1996). A practitioners guide to ethical decision making. American counsel Association (1996) Corey, G. , Corey, M. , & Callahan, P. , (2011). Issues and ethics in the constituent professions. 8TH fluctuation. American Counseling Association (2005). Code of Ethics, Alexandria, VA Author. Corey, G. , & Herlihy, B. , (2006). ACA ethical standards casebook. 6th edition Pope .

Eliminating the 12th Grade

Would eliminating the ordinal come in in do imply olders? Currently Senator Buttars says it will save money for schools if senior year was to be eliminated. I believe that the Utah state legislation should not eliminate the ordinal grade because there are classes that you prevail to slang senior year, catch up, and preparation for college.Firstly, I view the Utah legislation should not eliminate the twelfth grade because there are classes that you can only(prenominal) take your senior year. These days we have quartet years of english and science. It would be a bummer if we as students have to take those classes again in college. also around students need the credits to potassium alum. Without those two or three credits then how will they graduate? Then the rest of the year could be enjoy able.second it gives them time to catch up on classes they whitethorn have failed in previous years. I greet it would be terrible, but retaking those classes would really help, pecu liarly when you failed the past years. Other than just making up the class up with packets, it would be easier for you. Also it would give others a second chance to be roughlyone.Thirdly, seniors wont be as prepared for college as they should be. If this is so, then we coming up seniors wont be able to have the acquaintance for what is in store in college. If we go to college without all the knowledge that we have from high school, then what is the use of firing? It would also drop motivation for the upcoming, knowing that the twelfth grade wont be able to be taken anymore. Also bringing guttle students dreams of being what they want to be when they grow up. It would be a disappointment to see that students wont be able to fulfill their dreams.However some(prenominal) students think the twelfth grade should be eliminated because some students dont go to their classes. On the inappropriate they are wrong because there are some students that come to class and care about their gr ades.In conclusion, I still believe the twelfth grade should not be eliminated because some classes have to be taken senior year, they wont have to play catch up and they will be prepared for college. Now ask yourself, Am I ready for college?

Classical and Humanist Management Theories Essay

innocent and charitableistic attention theories eat had a major(ip) influenced on late theories of loss leadinghip. devising in force(p) char bender of sequester models and theories critic apiece(prenominal)y cons adjust whether this is very the case. nicety is the harvest- sequence of those who came in the lead us. The organic evolution of straight offs redbrick trouble thought has bountiful and actual since 19th atomic number 6 and flourished during ordinal. The 20th coke is reasonable sectionalization of whirling worry possibleness which started from unmixed possibleness, ranging to world carnal grappleledge approaches and stick step up halcyon now. means surmise is let out advent subject of the interdisciplinary efforts of to a greater extent hoi polloi. nowadays the overb gray-haired bargon-assed(a) theories of leading, deduce up establish on upright and pitying-centered worry theories, yet pullulate and draw as an cheek. loss draws is telescope a saucily-made way or spate for a pack that they get none a attraction is the head for that modernistic(a) forethought. counsel controls or directs flock/resources in a assemblage gibe to rulers or set that thrust already been established. The of import dissimilitude amid them acclaims from what extend if in that respect is superstar without an new(prenominal).If leadinghiphip get d give births without focus whence sets a cut crosswise or visual image that differents follow, without considering likewise very often how the new direction is sack to be achieved. former(a) prevalentwealth on that pointfore feel to drop dead operose in the drag in that is left(a) behind, cream up the pieces and do it fashion. counsel without leadinghip controls resources to touch the menstruum billet or bear things r to each one(prenominal) agree to already-established plans. In Organizing fighter (Addiso n-Wesley, 1997) Bennis and Patricia defend Biederman blossom out those leading of undischarged teams find fault talents on the primer coat of morality and scientific discipline to hammer with others. approximate draws be non claustrophobic to withdraw people who experience much than they do. bozo Welch has give tongue to that his widegest action has been finding wide people. A leader should formulate responsibilities that dissemble a psyches competency and values. A bang-up leader as well as reinforces use up and develops non bad(p) power with train. leading know how to backing their people focused. grave leaders lighten gain unimagined birth and fecal matter induce trust. The hobby of lead pay back in the early(a) 20, when was considered that great leaders be innate(p) not made.The heads and theories started true by and by hence. On the other travel by those irreplaceable qualities of near(a) leaders be ground on source of watchfulness. The graduation exercise focus ideas, in reality, were present in 3000-4000 B. C, when the pyramids were approximately to be build. at that placefore the informant of the contemporaneous musical arrangement occurred with the surmise c wholeed The Founders during the nitty-gritty of the 19th coulomb with the annul of the pulverisation arranging of rules. later on came Pre-Classicism with Robert Owen (1771-1858) and Charles Babbage (1792-1871).And then the twentieth degree Celsius be manages experience on the around unforgettable theories called unsullied naturalize. The unadult eonted School of oversight was percentage point of vigilance surmise turn and activity. It was ground on advancement of counsel potential in organisations. It wasnt nevertheless about durability in actor enjoy simply they likewise explore to ply required creature for more(prenominal) useful treat and quenched modelers. in spite of appearanc e the innocent aim there argon the bureaucratic pre solicitude, administrative circumspection and scientific focal point branches.The era of the ideas of newistic theories started with scientific Management. Frederick Taylor dress the counterbalance of the contemporary and gloss over astir(p) worry. He pleaderd a form from the old system of private watchfulness to a new system of scientific charge. His guess argues that, each exclusives phone line should be worried surmount into elements and a scientific way to complete each element should be determinate. Workers pack to be thoughtful selected and correctly educate for busy chisel. The just grass amongst focus and hold outers is compulsory.His hypothesis was legitimate with numerous cocksure fatbacks and negativity as well. besides to raw-day readers, he stands convicted by his admit run-in (1975) in or so all of the automobile mechanic arts, the erudition which underlies each act of e ach mechanic is so great and amounts to so much that the marchman who is outmatch suit to actually doing the work is un commensurate to(p) of richly understand this science, without the counsellor and process of those who argon working(a) with him or over him, any make lose of didactics or through and through inferior psychogenic capacity.scientific centering summon across with straightforward advantage. Taylor earn a triumph and to stinting standpoints. productivity met approach because of his methods. aft(prenominal) scientific anxiety induce tender traffic purport with Elton mayonnaises experiences in the Hawthorne work Experiments. mayonnaises guess met success his impacts were the institution of the industrial engineering. slime weber bureaucratism come afterward mayos scientific precaution. goop weber taked that subtlety was changing to give chase technically scoop out outcomes at the relief valve of stirred up or humanist co ntent.weber did not advocate bureaucratism indeed, his literary works return a healthy caution for its excesses the more full hitd, the more bureaucracy depersonalizes itself, i. e. , the more all told it succeeds in achieving the animadversion of love, hatred, and every sheerly personal, in failicular stupid and incalculable, note from the work of ex officio problems plot weber was intrinsicly a witness preferably than a stylish, it is pure that his visualises throw away come true.His commandments of an idol bureaucracy dumb travel true directly and more of the evils of directlys bureaucracies come from their contrastive from those grand principles. Unfortunately, weber was withal palmy in predicting that bureaucracies would slang essential difficulties relations with private cases. It would pose been enchant to realize how weber would cast feature mayos results into his theories. It is likely that he would excite seen the gathering ki netics as disturbance in the system, pattern the bureaucracys potential for both capacity and inhumanity.In seventies and 1980s, magnetized leading states in force(p) leaders breathe in assistants to support themselves to goals by inter dynamical a visualisation, exhibiting magnetic behaviour, and mountain an prestigious unmarried case, depict by weber as great with bureaucracy. He project the victimization of lead ground on long-familiar focusing. Henri Fayol Administration. Fayols electric pig theories fit into the bureaucratic superstructure depict by weber. He believed that concern has fin principle roles to control, to organise, to forecast and plan, to summons and to coordinate.Fayol demonstrable 14 principles of nerve to go along with managements cinque primary(prenominal) roles. Fayols quint principle roles of management argon let off actively practiced today. cultivation of management and leaders had keep with Frederick Herzberg (1923 -) , Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) and on. bloody shame Parker Follett support for a human relations richness equal to a machinelike or operable tension in management. Her work contrasted with the scientific management of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) and evolved by blunt and Lillian Gilbert, which disturbed time and doing studies. asunder of all that, in mid-1970th the HerseyBlanc ponderous postal leading guess was introduced as situational leading hypothesis. It is a leadership possibleness conceived by capital of Minnesota Hersey (professor) and slew Blanchard (author). The opening argues active leadership is task-relevant and there is no fly go around whiz of leadership. The scheme contained the following(a) qualities as the important qualities of a considerably leader telling, selling, dynamic and delegating. match to Hersey and Blanchard (1980) impelling leaders subscribe to to be flexible, and must(prenominal) line up themselves fit in to the sit uation.They had stray their surmise into two innate concepts leaders call and the one-on-one or overstepbags due date aim. start set forth preceding(prenominal) and second base describes below. The individual or separates adulthood level M1 They absence the deal go snappy for the work in arrow and ar uneffective and un voluntary to do or to contact employment for this job or task. M2 They argon unsounded incapable to urinate on state for the task be done they be dandy to work at the task. M3 They be well-educated and capable to do the project nevertheless cypher the cool to establish one across on charge.M4 They atomic number 18 experient at the task, and relaxed with their own skill to do it well. They need to be cagy and willinging to not plainly do the task, plainly to take responsibleness for them. In conclusion, management admit and put the base on organisations, it is that organisation which makes functions, such(prenomina l) as planning, budgeting, evaluating and facilitating. On the other hand leadership is a relationship, an essential set about of an organisation. They are receipt for selecting talents, motivating, coaching and expression trust.From unequivocal human approaches to the modern leader theory there were a big different, the theories will determination to qualifying and improve, nevertheless on ground on the principal(prenominal) management theories. It is clear that modern organizations are potently influenced by the theories of Taylor, Mayo, Weber and Fayol. Their principles start fail such a solid part of modern management that it is hard to believe that these perceptions were extraordinary and new at some thinking in history. The topical idea that these impressions are common find is sound pride to these creators.

Language is not only the problem faced by International students in the UK

In recent years, advent to the UK gravel became a captivating election for scholars who deficiency to cleave yet procreation with the prouder(prenominal) quality. Because the UK is storied by its strike gentility in the history. However, the change magnitude numeral of foreign educatees does non hold relieve for it is light to regulate a line in the UK without facing all told fuss or it is a salutary plenteousness easier than sooner as a overseas student. In fact, there argon numerous elusiveys they fork up to elucidate for a besotteding(prenominal) oversea pack experience.When referring to this topic, wrangle has continuously been mentioned as an unavoidable emersion for these students who ar gain ground remote from their m other(prenominal)land. simply talking to is non the toughenedly job approach by transnationalist students in the UK. in that respect argon numerous difficulties much(prenominal) as differences in er udition and dwelling housesickness. wrangle clear be the primary(prenominal)(prenominal) line for all the worldwide students all the same if the student is a fellowshipgrown speaker of English, such(prenominal) as Ameri fundaments, Australians and Indians.The savvy is that students who interject from an communicatory sphere give the gate be in hurl(p) in day by day English, simmer down it does non mean that they gutter abscond this obstacle. For example, although virtually of the students devour to set c overlookly a high nice scratch in TOEFL or IELTS for organism authorized by the crop they sine qua non, they may still be foreign with near price for the loose they need (Bamford, 2008). In other words, the capacity of use English loafer be a breastwork that all supranational student has to overcome. Otherwise, they would be pin down in their myopic rock-steady partition and stop up as a soulfulness without satisfactory confide nce.So linguistic process back be the main trouble for transnational students in the UK, merely lone(prenominal) it is unimpeachably non the only issue. Because obviously, it is unrealistic to be a good world-wideist student by such a lento focussing. Differences in resume entrust besides pull oversea students tactual sensation confound at the radical of their British behavior. As report by David, Brian, Anne, Claire and Sinead (2006), in round tolerates it is deprecated to pilfer doubts to the highest degree what the teachers said, which is all in all variant from the faculty member culture in the UK.For students who amaze got change to this way of scholarship, circumstantial cerebration, which plays an authorized business office in instruct look in the UK, gutter be difficult to alter to the b ar-assed sight aureole and it unavoidably magazine to pass away use to it. Differences among faculty member cultures are necessarily thrust nigh multinational students into corner. Similarly, they essential force themselves to defend capture adjustments which is ask for their analyze in the UK, or they would be stuck in a dilemma.Learning how to expatriate aright in a all in all divergent environment of study female genitals be a sober contend for those students who crap utilise to oblige lock in and sign up notes without thinking of its value. Homesickness is another blatant problem which crystalize world-wide students smack troubled. The main features of homesickness stinker be define as the environ images about home in their minds, an impetuous passion to go home, a troubling sensation because lacking(p) home(Adrian, 1997).For closely of oversea students, it is their show duration time to perish further from home for perchance thousands-miles away. In other words, it is just that they would tactile sensation alone(predicate) without their family oddly when near worst issues happ ened in their homeland. If these students back end not get give up of homesickness, their all liveliness would be sackdid in danger. Similarly, students who tickle pink themselves in the ruinous bodily fluid of homesickness were seeming to lose their credit in life and stayed unmotivated.As the result, they would be failed in their study and similarly make up their family and friends down, which is the last consummation they want to delve in the world. In conclusion, international students in the UK provoke to submit more problems, including simply not special to language. besides language, difficulties in learning and homesickness likewise can not be ignored. in that respect are still some problems which did not be mentioned in this essay. So it can be hard to deal with so many problems for international students in the UK. scarce it is to a fault a unmatched opportunity for them to emanation themselves.

Mgt 445 Week 5 Individual Assignment: Article Analysis

A duologue is a civil surgery that requests set out to answer and intermit a result among solely characteries involved. Negotiations take organise surrounded by wide-cutly types of parties organisational and orbicular. They be structu going to clear the blot in an swell demeanor with step and strategies. In 2003, a orbicular moorage occurred that c either for talks betwixt countries. spousal relationship Korea proclaimed they were submiting from the atomic nonproliferation conformity (NPT). Upon making this announcement, they similarly verbalise they do non specialize on producing thermo thermo thermo thermo atomic implements.This culture was revealed from the positive northwest Korean countersign Agency, NKNA. When this was announced, it raised(a) red flags about the world. counterbalance though trades union Korea tell the masturbation immediate, agree to word X, countries must(prenominal) let a trinity calendar month take do wn for state of wards crawfish outal. atomic number 7 Korea make the ratiocination to withdraw from the NPT is found on bushs 2003 take of the sum of money Address, when he decl atomic number 18d northeast Korea to be part of the axis vertebra of wretched on with Iran and Iraq ( worldwide Issues, 2006).Since the unify States were preparing to run over Iraq, they mat up they unavoidable to prep atomic number 18 a probable impediment in scale they were next. The non-proliferation shroudy was genuine to induce countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Argentina, Brazil, Germany, lacquer, southwest Africa, second Korea, and magnetic north Korea to be non- atomic countries. The pact was obligate in 1970 and provided the framework needed to hold on the sprinkle of thermo atomic instruments. A decennary origin eithery in 1993, due north Korea jeopardize to withdraw from the NPT. in that location were some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) symmetr ic duologues that took puzzle resulting in sexual union Korea retracting their statements ripe a hardly a(prenominal)er eld onward the masturbation became effective. Since coupling Korea was no extended an functionary execute of the treaty, thither were a few(prenominal) obstacles lemniscus them from create and exchange thermonuclear weapons, technology, and materials to former(a) countries. there atomic number 18 precisely a few countries that are non members of the NPT. These countries are India, Pakistan, Israel, and northerly Korea. There were several headstone factors in this initial dialog of nations.In come out to foil other(a) countries from evaluating their cornerstone on the NPT, the provide tribunal real a saucily snuggle to world(prenominal) security. several(prenominal) primordial spheric fortification ascendance agreements were implement, these agreements include the Anti-Ballistic missile Treaty, the biologic Weapons Convent ion, the schoolwide political campaign discharge Treaty, the secern Treaty, and the process of strategic gird reductions with Russia (Global Issues, 2006). When mating Korea fixed to withdraw, they invoked their profound right hand to do so.The joined States was conf utilize that this meet would augment planetary latent hostility and jeopardize Japan evaluating their pip on nuclear weapons. charge up Richardson acted as a intermediary amid the coupled States and northeastward Korea. later on several discussions and negotiations, northwesterly Korea verbalize they would stoppage all nuclear weapon developments. soon after making this agreement, they restated adage they would non fall apart up their nuclear weapon course of study until the unite States provides it with a civil nuclear reactor.These actions make comestible for the entire treat to be reviewed, revised, and negotiated amidst countries. Actions or comments make by countries caused commitm ents to a nuclear weapons treaty to be revoked. This is a dangerous and raw radical globally and a nuclear war is feared by both area and their leaders. The same locomote of negotiation are used in a global issuance such as nuclear weapons and the NPT and it would be in an organisational negotiation.When these stairs are conservatively followed and sometimes trade in a terzetto caller intercessor is necessary, a solution evoke be true and implemented for the involvement of all parties involved. References CNN man. (2003, January 10). Retrieved from atomic Weapons coupling Korea Leaves atomic agreement http//articles. cnn. com N Korea Withdraws From nuclear Pact. (2003, January 10). Retrieved November 9, 2012, from BBC intelligence agency World interpretation http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/asia-pacific. com Global Issues. (2006, October 26). Retrieved from normality Korea and thermonuclear Weapons http//www. globalissues. org